Hypothesis
Orienting native English listeners positively or negatively would shift how they rate non-native English speech, as Reid et al. (2019) found.
What failed
In a preregistered online conceptual replication (n = 189), listeners did not change their ratings after the bias orientations, and performed similarly across all five speech measures and across age and race groups.
Broken assumption
'Native speaker' is a stable enough category for bias-priming effects on speech ratings to transfer to a broader online sample.
Why
The authors attribute the difference to method (in-person versus online) and/or participants: about one-third of 'native' participants who passed standard screening reported other languages and residence in 12 English-speaking countries, which they argue makes 'nativeness' a culture-specific and limiting category.
From the published paper: Brown et al. Applied Psycholinguistics, 2023. ↗CC BY